There’s a code for pain, but what’s the code for suffering?
Opiates relieve pain and can transport people to their apparent happy place. So does marijuana. Lyrica, the seizure-turned-pain medication, caused enough of a buzz in early study participants that it became a controlled substance. The anesthetic ketamine is now used for treatment-resistant depression.
Years ago, we had to be very specific about the location and classification of our patients’ pain. When pain then became a self-reported vital sign and chronic opioid …


















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