1. Accept Medicare as a “participating” provider. This means that I see Medicare patients and accept what they say I will be paid.  I bill CMS for my services, which are based on my “procedure codes.”  My main procedure is the office visit, but I can also bill for things like immunizations, lab tests, and office procedures.  The more procedures I bill for, the more I get paid, but I must justify this billing in my documentation or run the risk of being accused of fraud.
2. Become a “non-participating” Medicare provider. In this scenario, I am paid by the patient for the encounter and then they are reimbursed for what they paid me.  The choice of what I bill happens the same way, and I still must set fees based on what CMS tells me (although I can bill a little bit more than I would if I was a participating provider).  Billing is, once again, based on the documentation of the visit.
3. “Opt out” of Medicare altogether. Opting out means that I am no longer in the Medicare database as a provider and won’t get paid by them at all.  Patients are free to come to me, but they must pay what I charge, and I set my fees based on what I think is best.

So why does this matter if I am not planning to send any charges to Medicare?  Why do they care if I charge a monthly fee for my services if patients agree to do this outside of Medicare’s coverage?  By becoming a provider for Medicare (participating or not) I agree to accept their payment for my services.  The exception to this is for services that are not normally covered by Medicare, for which (with the proper waiver signed by my patients) I can charge what I want.  Cosmetic surgery is a good example (and one for which many Florida plastic surgeons are thankful) where the patient may opt to pay out of pocket for non-covered services.

Many of my services would actually fall under non-covered status, including electronic visits, my help with the PHR, annual care plan review, and the premium education content I will include on my website.  But since my Medicare patients will be able to receive care that is normally reimbursed (office visits, lab tests), the monthly subscription could be seen as accepting payment for these services outside of the agreed-upon Medicare rate.

As an “opted out” provider, I can see Medicare patients as long as they have signed a contract with me that meets Medicare’s requirements.  Since this will be the case with all of my patients, it should be no problem seeing Medicare patients in my office.  Unfortunately, opting out of Medicare has some pretty major downsides:

1. I could only see Medicare patients who have signed a contract with my practice.  This means that I could not work in an ER or a prompt care to supplement my income (unless I figured out a way to see only non-medicare patients).  It takes away a pretty big financial “safety net.”
2. I would be unable to get back to provider status for two years.  The mandatory opt-out period is for two years (so physicians don’t go on and off of Medicare frequently).  Again, this raises the stakes for me, as I can’t just go back to the old way if this practice doesn’t succeed.
3. Many of my Medicare patients would think they couldn’t keep me as their doctor.

Giving up the $12,000 check for “meaningful use” is a minor consideration compared with these two things.

So why not stay in Medicare?  Let me count the ways:

1. I have to bill for care.  Simplicity is one of the cornerstones of a direct-care practice, while complexity is synonymous with medical billing.  I don’t want to have people owing me money, I want them to pay at the start of the month for everything.
2. Billing for Medicare would also mean I’d have to bill all other patients for the same services, as I am not allowed to charge others less than I do for Medicare beneficiaries.
3. I’d have to get (and pay for) a billing system.
4. I’d have to hire staff to do the billing and collect on it.
5. I’d have to write my notes to meet the requirements for payment (as opposed to writing them for better patient care).
6. I’d have to submit my bills using the proper procedure codes, paired with the proper diagnosis codes, submitted in the proper format, sent to the proper vendor.
7. I’d have to deal with denied claims and the appeals process.
8. Failure to do any of this (either by intent or mistake) would leave me open to fraud charges (even if my doing so was to my own financial detriment).

So, I am left with the choice: accept the consequences of opting out, or stay in the world of codes, complexity, and the ever looming threat of fraud accusation.  But this isn’t the real choice for me; the real choice is a much easier one: who do I want to work for, the patient or the payor?

I guess it’s only fair that I put my future in the hands of my patients, since they’ve been trusting their futures to me for the past 18 years.