In an interview, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. addressed whether society should bear the cost of health care for individuals whose health problems are largely self-inflicted, citing smoking as an example. He questioned the fairness of providing the same level of care to people who, in his words, “predictably get sick” from behaviors like smoking as to those born with congenital illnesses.

While emphasizing personal responsibility is important, this framing oversimplifies a complex issue shaped by historical injustices, systemic barriers, and the biologically addictive nature of nicotine. It takes more than individual willpower to address nicotine addiction—society must also recognize and respond to the broader structural forces that sustain it.

In reality, many people who smoke are already trying to quit. Their efforts are shaped—and often hindered—by social and economic disparities, targeted tobacco industry marketing, and inconsistent access to health care. According to the CDC, nearly 70 percent of adults who smoke want to quit, and more than half attempt to do so each year. These figures underscore a critical truth: Most smokers are actively trying to stop—they need better tools and support, not just the pressure of personal responsibility.

Historical context and targeted marketing

The tobacco industry’s role in perpetuating nicotine addiction—especially in marginalized communities—reminds us that individual choice is often influenced by powerful external forces. For decades, tobacco companies specifically targeted African Americans with menthol cigarettes. These products, which mask the harshness of smoke, make quitting even more difficult. As of 2020, roughly 80 percent of African American smokers reported using menthol cigarettes—directly due to aggressive, sustained marketing campaigns.

This targeted marketing has created deep, persistent health disparities. Menthol cigarettes increase nicotine dependence and complicate cessation efforts. This reality shows that personal responsibility alone cannot account for the scale of addiction in communities disproportionately impacted by the tobacco industry. Addressing these inequities requires acknowledging the systemic factors that have shaped smoking patterns over generations.

Public health policy and empathy in regulation

Public health policies, like taxation, smoke-free laws, warning labels, and educational campaigns, have made significant strides in reducing smoking rates. These evidence-based measures are effective and have saved lives. Recently, proposals to ban menthol cigarettes or reduce nicotine content reflect bold, science-backed steps toward reducing addiction and improving overall public health. However, when it comes to nicotine addiction, personal responsibility is not enough on its own. These efforts must be coupled with a compassionate, supportive approach to be fully effective.

If these proposals roll out, we must be mindful of how they are experienced by the people they are meant to help. For individuals in communities already burdened by stress, trauma, systemic inequity, and economic hardship, even well-intentioned policies can feel punitive and disconnected from their lived realities. When regulation is introduced without adequate support or cultural sensitivity, it risks reinforcing stigma and deepening isolation.

To achieve lasting impact, tobacco control strategies must integrate regulation with empathy and support. Regulation must be paired with real-world resources—cessation programs, mental health support, and economic investment in affected communities. This dual approach ensures that public health efforts are both effective and equitable.

The opportunity for health care systems

Nicotine addiction remains one of the most undertreated chronic conditions in medicine. Despite clear evidence of effective cessation treatments, access to these resources remains inconsistent. One major barrier is the lack of standardized smoking cessation services across health care systems. This gap reflects how personal responsibility alone is not enough; health care systems must step in to offer consistent, accessible care.

Tying smoking cessation to institutional performance metrics, quality improvement initiatives, or provider incentives could help integrate treatment into everyday clinical practice. When nicotine addiction is addressed as a chronic condition—similar to diabetes or hypertension—it can be managed more effectively, ensuring that people struggling with addiction have the support they need to succeed.

Addressing implicit bias in nicotine addiction care

For years, clinicians have advised patients to quit smoking—and that advice does make a difference. Even brief counseling increases smoking cessation rates. But more can be offered in the form of support that gives patients the best chance to quit—support that is grounded in evidence and tailored to the individual.

Clinicians must be mindful not to come across as finger-wagging or lecturing. A well-meaning reminder to quit can feel judgmental if it isn’t paired with empathy and practical help. Instead, patients should be approached with openness and curiosity—asking whether they’re interested in getting support and making sure they know help is available.

Smoking is not simply a personal failing—it is a complex, chronic addiction shaped by neurobiology, mental health, and the social environment. Implicit bias, even among well-intentioned clinicians, can unintentionally undermine care. Assumptions that people who smoke are unmotivated or noncompliant can lead to missed opportunities and reinforce health disparities.

That’s why treatment for nicotine addiction must extend beyond a reliance on personal responsibility. Meaningful progress depends on compassionate, evidence-based care that recognizes addiction as a medical condition. When clinicians engage with patients respectfully and supportively, personal responsibility becomes more realistic—and more achievable.

Key strategies to neutralize implicit bias

Reframe the narrative: Assume patients want to quit—and need the right tools and support to do so.

Communicate with empathy: Use respectful tone, body language, and open dialogue to build trust.

Connect through common ground: Find shared interests or experiences that humanize care.

Reflect on lived experience: Consider people you admire who have struggled with addiction to cultivate empathy and perspective.

Provide evidence-based support: Routinely offer proven treatments, including varenicline, combination nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), quitlines, and behavioral counseling.

A call for shared commitment

Reducing nicotine addiction cannot rest solely on the individual. Historical targeting, systemic inequities, stigma, and lack of access to effective care all contribute to the ongoing challenge. Personal responsibility is crucial, but it must be matched by opportunity, support, and compassion from the broader society.

This issue requires collaboration across public health, policy, medicine, and community organizations. It’s not about abandoning personal responsibility—it’s about creating the conditions that make it achievable for all individuals. By aligning strategies with evidence, treating nicotine addiction as the chronic condition it is, and ensuring access to compassionate care, we can make lasting progress. Let’s shift the conversation from blame to partnership—and from stigma to support.

Travis Douglass is a hospitalist.