I had a stroke at the age of five.

It was an ischemic event, rare in children, difficult to diagnose, and often missed in early stages. I experienced a sudden loss of motor function that led to a long period of rehabilitation. I spent months relearning how to walk, balance, and perform basic movements, guided by physical therapists and the steady structure of routine. I was too young to understand what had happened, but I knew it had changed something important. That experience, while difficult, shaped the way I think about recovery and the brain’s ability to adapt.

Years later, learning about vagus nerve stimulation, or VNS, provided a new perspective on what might be possible for stroke survivors today. The idea that a specific neural pathway could be used to promote plasticity and enhance functional recovery reflects important developments in how neurological injury is treated.

From epilepsy to stroke rehabilitation

Vagus nerve stimulation was first approved by the FDA in 1997 for treatment-resistant epilepsy. It received additional approval in 2005 for treatment-resistant depression. Over time, researchers began investigating whether the same technology could be applied to conditions involving motor deficits, including stroke.

Initial studies in animal models showed that pairing VNS with physical movement promoted plasticity in the motor cortex. These findings laid the groundwork for human trials examining whether timed stimulation of the vagus nerve could reinforce the brain’s relearning of lost motor functions.

In 2021, a pivotal multicenter clinical trial known as VNS-REHAB was published in The Lancet. The study involved individuals with chronic ischemic stroke and upper limb impairment. Results showed that patients who received VNS paired with rehabilitation exercises experienced significantly greater improvements in motor function than those who received therapy alone. These improvements translated into better performance of everyday tasks, including grasping, lifting, and manipulating objects.

Later that year, the FDA cleared VNS for post-stroke rehabilitation. It became the first neuromodulation device approved specifically to support motor recovery after stroke.

Expanding the timeline for recovery

Historically, stroke recovery has been seen as most effective during the early months following injury. Beyond that period, patients are often told to adjust expectations. The introduction of VNS into stroke rehabilitation challenges that timeline.

By stimulating the vagus nerve during a motor task, the therapy strengthens the brain’s ability to recognize and reinforce that movement. This process helps to reorganize damaged motor circuits, even long after the initial injury. For many patients, this means that functional gains are possible well beyond what traditional recovery models suggest.

Rather than replacing rehabilitation, VNS enhances it. This integration represents a shift in thinking. Stroke recovery is no longer limited to a narrow window but can become an ongoing, adaptable process, supported by technology that works with the brain’s natural plasticity.

Barriers to broader use

Although VNS is FDA cleared and backed by clinical research, access remains limited. The procedure requires implantation of a pulse generator and consistent coordination with physical therapy sessions. This need for specialized equipment and training can prevent widespread use, especially in smaller or under-resourced rehabilitation centers.

Insurance coverage also poses a challenge. Like many new treatments, VNS has not yet been universally adopted by payers. This financial uncertainty creates additional barriers for both patients and providers. Additionally, awareness remains low. Many clinicians, patients, and caregivers are still unfamiliar with the therapy and its potential benefits.

Overcoming these barriers will require increased education, funding for training programs, and policy adjustments to support reimbursement. As more clinicians see the benefits and more patients share success stories, adoption is likely to increase.

A broader shift in neurorehabilitation

Vagus nerve stimulation is part of a larger evolution in stroke care. Technologies such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, robotic-assisted therapy, and brain-computer interfaces are also changing how clinicians approach recovery. These innovations emphasize targeted, data-informed interventions that support long-term function and independence.

As research progresses, future studies will refine how VNS is used, identify which patient populations benefit most, and explore new applications beyond stroke. Continued investment in this space is essential. Stroke remains a leading cause of adult disability, and the demand for effective rehabilitation tools is only growing.

Patients who experience a stroke often face a long and difficult path to recovery. Every improvement in function can mean greater independence and a higher quality of life. Tools like vagus nerve stimulation provide clinicians with new ways to help patients reach those goals.

William J. Bannon IV is a premedical student.