A guest column by the American Society of Anesthesiologists, exclusive to KevinMD.com.
When you need anesthesia for surgery or a diagnostic procedure, of course you want to know who’ll be giving you anesthesia. If you live in Texas, Florida, the District of Columbia, or 14 other states, you may be lucky enough to have an anesthesia team taking care of you that includes a physician anesthesiologist and an anesthesiologist assistant, or “AA”. If you live in many other states — including my own state of California — care from an AA isn’t yet an option.
Many Americans have never heard of anesthesiologist assistants. Even many physicians are unaware that the profession exists. But for more than 45 years, AAs have worked alongside physician anesthesiologists in exactly the same way that physician assistants (PAs) work with a surgeon, internist, or pediatrician–using teamwork to deliver the best possible medical care to their patients.
Today, there are more than 1400 certified AAs in the U.S. Why are they limited to practicing only in certain states? It’s a complicated question. The answer involves the fierce opposition of nurse anesthetists to the very existence of the AA profession, our complex American system of state licensure, and the economics of healthcare.
Here’s the background
The AA profession came into being in the 1960s, when we had a serious shortage of anesthesia professionals in the U.S. The goal was to create a new master’s level program which would enable graduates to deliver anesthesia care under the direction of a physician anesthesiologist. The first AA programs were established at Emory University in Atlanta and Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland.
To become an AA, the first step is to get a bachelor’s degree with a strong basic science background, taking the same classes that premedical students take to prepare for medical school. The next step is to take the GRE or MCAT examination and gain admission to one of the nine accredited university programs in the U.S. offering a Master of Science in Anesthesia degree. Training involves classroom time and hands-on experience in the operating room. After passing a certifying examination, graduate AAs administer anesthesia as clinical practitioners, always working under the supervision of a physician anesthesiologist.
AAs are recognized by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) as non-physician anesthetists with identical standing to nurse anesthetists, and the services of AAs and nurse anesthetists on a care team are paid for by CMS and by commercial insurers on an equal basis. AAs are authorized to work in any VA hospital, and they work side by side with nurse anesthetists in many academic departments and private anesthesia practices.
The right to practice in every state
In hindsight, it might have been easier if the AA profession had been launched as a subspecialty under the broader umbrella of PAs, who already can be licensed in all 50 states. Physician anesthesiologists specialize in anesthesia, but practice in every state under a general license as physicians. Since AAs are defined as a separate profession, however, each individual state must approve AA licensure (or another means of authority) in order for them to practice. Getting this approval has been a battle, as nursing lobbies and unions have fought hard to defeat legislation authorizing AA licensure in every state where it has been proposed.
Why do nurses oppose AAs so vehemently? Follow the money. In states where AAs can’t practice, nurse anesthetists control the market on non-physician anesthesia practice. Annual salaries for nurse anesthetists are the highest in the clinical nursing profession, varying from state to state, but typically starting around $110,000. Experienced nurse anesthetists can make $180,000 or more. Clearly, they would prefer to restrict the marketplace and not allow other anesthesia practitioners to compete for these jobs.
There’s a difference in philosophy between AAs and nurse anesthetists as well. Many nurse anesthetists demand independent practice, which means that a nurse anesthetist may give anesthesia without the supervision of — or even consultation with — a physician. In contrast, AAs work only under the supervision of a physician anesthesiologist. That’s how they want it. They believe strongly in the concept of the care team, where physician and non-physician practitioners work together. Saral Patel, president of the American Academy of Anesthesiologist Assistants, points out that when AAs are on your anesthesia team, they “ensure an anesthesiologist presence in the care of every patient.” The overwhelming majority of patients automatically assume that a physician is in charge of their anesthesia care, and prefer to keep it that way.
The future of anesthesia practice
The market for anesthesia services continues to grow, as the number of surgeries and complex diagnostic procedures requiring anesthesia increases each year. With the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, millions of people are expected to sign up for insurance and boost the demand for all types of medical care. The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) strongly believes in the anesthesia care team, and would like to see AAs gain the right to practice in every state. Why wouldn’t we want to see more qualified anesthesia practitioners enabled to work?
Speaking as a California anesthesiologist, I would be delighted for an AA master’s degree program to start at a California university and for AAs to be licensed here. It’s a shame that any California student who wants to become an AA has to leave the state for training and can’t come back here to work. We can only hope that legislators will see reason and AAs will gain the right to practice in more states. Certified AAs deserve to practice in any state where they want to live and work.
“I’m a California native,” says Shane Angus, an experienced AA on the teaching faculty of Case Western Reserve University. “I’d come back to work here in a minute.”
Karen S. Sibert is an associate professor of anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. She blogs at A Penned Point.
