Sunlight is essential to life. It stimulates the production of Vitamin D, a hormone that plays a crucial role in bone health, immune function, and possibly the prevention of several chronic diseases. Sun exposure also influences our circadian rhythm, improves mood through serotonin regulation, and has been linked to better mental health outcomes, including reduced risk of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).

In moderation, sunlight can be deeply beneficial, especially in populations at risk of Vitamin D deficiency, such as people with darker skin tones, older adults, and those living in northern latitudes. But the key word here is moderation.

UV radiation: a known carcinogen

While we acknowledge the benefits of the sun, we must not ignore its dangers. UV radiation is a Group 1 carcinogen, the same category as tobacco and asbestos. It is the leading environmental cause of skin cancers, including melanoma, which can be fatal if not detected early.

Each year, over 5 million skin cancers are diagnosed in the U.S. alone, making it the most common cancer by far. Excessive, unprotected sun exposure leads to DNA damage, accelerates skin aging, and contributes to immune suppression in the skin—compounding long-term risks.

As dermatologists, we see the toll of chronic sun exposure firsthand. Yet, we also see the toll of confusion and misinformation, which makes it harder for individuals to make informed decisions.

A public health perspective: We need a smarter message

This isn’t a contradiction; it’s a complex issue that requires nuanced, context-driven messaging. Public health isn’t about choosing between extremes; it’s about creating balance through education, risk assessment, and equitable access to information and prevention.

Instead of telling people to “avoid the sun,” we need to promote the idea of safe sun exposure—tailored to individual needs and health profiles. We must move toward recommendations that are scientifically sound, culturally competent, and publicly accessible.

What does smart sun exposure look like?

Here’s what a practical, balanced approach to sun exposure could look like:

• Short, intentional sun exposure (10–15 minutes a few times per week) for Vitamin D synthesis, particularly during early morning or late afternoon hours.
• Use of broad-spectrum sunscreen (SPF 30 or higher) during prolonged outdoor activities.
• Protective clothing, wide-brimmed hats, and UV-blocking sunglasses—especially for children, outdoor workers, and high-risk individuals.
• Encouraging Vitamin D-rich diets and supplementation as safer, more consistent alternatives.
• Promoting routine skin checks and educating communities about the early signs of skin cancer.
• Acknowledging and addressing racial and geographic disparities in sun-related health outcomes.

Mental health and the sun: Another overlooked layer

Sunlight plays a critical role in mental health, particularly in mood regulation. But chronic skin conditions—which may flare with sun exposure—can also negatively impact mental health and self-esteem.

Public health approaches must connect dermatologic and psychological care, recognizing the vicious cycle between visible skin disorders and emotional distress. Mental health considerations cannot be separated from sun-related health messaging.

Toward unified, evidence-based communication

The 78th World Health Assembly recently recognized skin diseases as a global public health priority. That recognition should serve as a rallying cry for dermatologists, researchers, and public health leaders to align their messaging, not fragment it.

We need cross-sector collaboration to develop unified guidelines that protect both skin health and mental well-being. Dermatologists, endocrinologists, mental health professionals, and health educators must work together to create messaging that is consistent, evidence-based, and rooted in the realities of diverse populations.

Final thoughts: Harnessing the sun responsibly

Sunlight is neither inherently harmful nor universally beneficial—it is a natural force with the potential to both heal and harm. Our role as clinicians, researchers, and public health advocates is not to create fear, but to foster understanding.

With thoughtful guidance rooted in science and compassion, we can empower people to make informed, balanced choices about sun exposure—protecting both their physical and mental health.

By bridging clinical care with public health messaging, we can move past the confusion and build a future where people can safely benefit from the sun while minimizing its risks.

Shafat Hassan is a dermatologist.